How To Choose A Herbal Remedy For You

Herbs have become essential items in many home remedy kits, sitting happily alongside the plasters and antiseptic creams. According to a recent Readers Digest survey, 25% of all the herbal remedies purchased are for coughs and colds, 12% for insomnia, 10% for stress and a further 10% for rheumatism, but there are many other applications for herbs in our everyday lives.

Here follows an A to Z of the most widely used herbs. Many you will be familiar with such as Valerian for insomnia or Ginkgo for memory, but there are many others that, despite having been used traditionally for many thousands of years, are only just becoming popular here.

The herbs featured in this guide can be found here on our website, in our store, and all other good health food stores throughout the UK where knowledgeable staff will be able to share further information and advice.

This website is not intended to diagnose or prescribe. Always consult with a health professional before starting a herbal programme.

Herbal Questions And Answers

What are infusions and decoctions?

These tend to be herbal extracts made at home from loose herbs or herbal tea bags. An infusion (normally for flowers and leaves) is a weak extraction method that involves steeping in water (e.g. herbal tea). A decoction (normally for barks, roots and twigs) is generally a stronger extract than an infusion which involves simmering or boiling the herb in water.

What is a herbal extract?

Herbal extracts are preparations that are intended to concentrate the strength of the herb. Commercially available extracts can be produced as tinctures, fluid extracts and solid extracts.

Tinctures
This method typically involves soaking the herb in an alcohol and water base for various lengths of time. Tinctures are typically measured as a 1:5 or 1:10 extract, meaning that 20% or 10% of the finished product is herbal constituents and 80% or 90% is solvant.

Fluid Extracts
These are stronger than a tincture, this method is often made from a water and alcohol mixture, or sometimes other solvants (e.g. glycerine). Fluid extracts are then distilled or filtered to remove some of the alcohol. Fluid extracts are typically 1:1 extracts, meaning that 50% of the finished product is herbal constituents and 50% is solvant.

Solid Extracts
Generally made as a fluid extract, the difference being that the solvant (e.g. alcohol) is completely removed. The extract that remains can then be dried and ground into a powder to be put into capsules or tablets. As the solvant is removed from solid extracts, the measurement of their strength reflects the ratio of the finished herbal extract compared to the amount of crude herb that was used as the starting material. For instance, a 4:1 solid extract would mean that four parts crude herb was used to make one part extract. The more starting herb that was used to make one part extract, theoretically speaking, the stronger the extract should be. This is only theoretically the case however, because the concentration of the extract does not necessarily reflect the specific strength of particular active compounds within the herb.

What is a standardised herbal extract?

A standardised herbal extract is an extract which, instead of merely reflecting the concentraction of the extract itself (e.g. 4:1, 10:1, 50:1), actually guarantees the potency of one or more active compounds within the herb.

Why do we need standardised extracts?

Non-standardised extracts do not reflect the potency of the herb with respects to the active compounds that provide the benefits most attributed to the herb. Lets take the example of ginkgo bilboba to look at this issue. Ginkgo is very often offered as a 50:1 extract, which of course, sounds very concentrated - and is from the standpoint of the strength of the extract itself. But does this 50:1 measurement tell us how much of the active flavone glycosides are found in the final extract? No. Perhaps this would not matter as much if every single ginkgo leaf from every single ginkgo tree contained exactly the same amount of flavone glycosides. The reality is, however, that each batch of any harvested herb will contain slight, or possibly, great variations in the level of active compounds. Unless there is a consistant level of main active compounds, there can not be a consistant benefit to the end user from one batch to the next, and one bottle to the next.

Is there any proof that standardised extracts are more beneficial than non-standardised?

Although there are thousands of published research studies that validate either the preventative or therapeutic benefits of countless herbs, much of the most recent and respeced research involving many herbs has been carried out using standardised extracts. As a result, standardised extracts are the most likely form of those particular herbs to provide the health benefits consistant with those found in such studies.

How can I work out the correct dosage of a particular herb for me?

Check the dosage recommended on the bottle. For further advice, consult with a herbal practitioner. However, label recommendations are only a general guideline and your specific needs may differ from this.

Is it okay to take more than one type of herb at a time?

The majority of the research for herbal remedies concentrates on one herb at a time and in this way identifies the specific benefits of each herb. However, many herbs that have the same application, have differing pathways to that benefit, so there may be times when it is appropriate to use herbs in combination to have the best effect.

There is no evidence that combining a number of different herbs together in one nutritional programme represents any additional concern with regards to safety.

Should herbs be taken with food or away from food, and what time of day is best?

Some people report best results with herbal supplements when taken away from food, especially those being used for cleansing or detoxifying purposes, however this is not absolutely essential. It can be advisable, when taking larger amounts of herbs for therapeutic purposes, to divide the dose throughout the day.

Are there problems of combining prescription drugs with herbal remedies?

Always consult your practitioner before stopping prescription drugs or considering natural remedies.

Are herbs recommended during pregnancy or breast feeding?

Always consult a practitioner before taking any medication, prescription or complementary, during pregnancy or while breast feeding.

Herbal A-Z

A

Agnus Castus - Vitex Agnus Castus

Agnus Castus (also known as Chaste Berry) has traditionally been used as a remedy for regulating the female reproductive system and normalising the menstrual cycle. It is frequently employed to ease premenstrual and menopausal problems such as anxiety, mood swings and dysmenorrhea. Studies on its active constituents have suggested a progesterone-like effect.

Primary Active(s):
agnuside

Contraindications:
Not recommended during pregnancy.

Alfalfa - Medicago Sativa

This is one of nature's richest food sources, containing nutrients such as protein, carotenoids, B vitamins, vitamins C, E and K, and the minerals calcium, iron and potassium. Alfalfa is often used for aiding convalescense, lowering cholesterol and allowing for efficient blood clotting.

Primary Active(s):
vitamins, minerals, chlorophyll, isoflavones

Contraindications:
Not recommended for lupus sufferers.

Aloe Vera - Aloe Barbadensis

Can be used for internal and external healing. Taken internally aloe vera is often employed as a natural laxative and intestinal cleaner and healer. Applied topically it is excellent for treating minor burns, ulcerations and cuts.

Primary Active(s):
polysaccarides, anthraquinones

Contraindications:
Not recommended during pregnancy.

Astragalus - Astragalus Membranaceus

This Chinese herb has been found to be a potent immune stimulant, increasing white blood cell and interferon activity. It is frequently used to prevent or treat infections such as the common cold. Astragalus may also aid endurance during exercise and general stress.

Primary Active(s):
glucosides, polysaccarides

Contraindications:
None noted.

B

Basil - Ocinum Basilicum

Basil is a strongly aromatic spice that acts principally on the digestive and nervous systems, easing flatulance, stomach cramps, colic, and indigestion. It also posesses antibacterial and anti-helmintic (intestinal parasite-killing) properties.

Primary Active(s):
eugenol

Contraindications:
None noted.

Bilberry - Vaccinium Myrtillus

Bilberry extract is often used to prevent and treat eye disorders such as poor vision, cataracts, glaucoma and macular degeneration. The active anthocyanoside flavonoids in bilberry strengthen the integrity of eye tissue, improve circulation to the eyes and increase oxygen and energy levels in the eye. Bilberry extract is also employed to enhance circulation and blood vessel integrity throughout the body.

Primary Active(s):
anthocyanosides (anthocyanidins)

Contraindications:
None noted.

Black Cohosh - Cimicifuga Racemosa

A North American traditional herb, black cohosh has been used for a diverse range of ailments, including female related conditions, such as hot flushes, menopausal depression, PMT and mentrual disorders. This herb has also been recommended as a cough supressant and expectorant and for lowering blood pressure.

Primary Active(s):
triterpene glycosides (e.g. 27-deoxyactein)

Contraindications:
Not recommended during pregnancy.

Blueberry Leaf - Vaccinium Angustifolium

Herbalists have traditionally recommended tea brewed from blueberries to prevent kidney or bladder stones and as a gargle to ease mouth sores. The leaves of the blueberry plant are a rich source of chlorogenic acid, an agent produced by the plant to increase its resistance to microbes such as fungi. This has lead many to use blueberry leaf as a natural remedy for yeast/fungal infections.

Primary Active(s):
chlorogenic acid

Contraindications:
None noted.

Burdock Root - Arctium Lappa

In China, burdock root is a common vegetable and a popular detoxifier. It has recently generated great interest due to its potential benefits in skin disorders such as eczema. Burdock posesses anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and immune strengthening effects. It is also used as a blood cleanser and digestive stimulant.

Primary Active(s):
inulin, lignans, phenolic acids

Contraindications:
None noted.

Butcher's Broom - Ruscus Aculeatus

This herb is used in the treatment and prevention of varicose veins and haemorrhoids. It promotes venous circulation in the lower limbs and has anti-inflammatory properties.

Primary Active(s):
ruscogenins

Contraindications:
None noted.

C

Cat's Claw - Uncaria Tomentosa

A traditional Peruvian herb, Cat's Claw is typically used as a powerful immune booster to help prevent or fight infection. It has also been found to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Primary Active(s):
polyphenols, alkaloids (e.g. mitraphylline)

Contraindications:
None noted.

Cayenne - Capsicum Frutescens

Cayenne aids circulation, primarily due to an anti-clotting effect, and stimulates digestion. Cayenne effectively kills many types of harmful bacteria. This action, combined with its ability to warm the body and induce perspiration, has made this spice a popular remedy for the common cold, sore throats and respiratory infections in general. Capsaicin, the active component of cayenne pepper, relieves pain when applied topically, such as in cases of arthritis, backache and shingles.

Primary Active(s):
capsaicin

Contraindications:
May initially produce a burning sensation as it is eliminated through the stool, but irritation should dissipate when used regularly.

Chamomile - Matricaria Chamomilla

Due to the diversity of benefits that this herb exhibits, chamomile is among the most popular of herbs. As a mild sedative and nerve relaxant chamomile is often effective for insomnia and tension. It is also known to relieve muscle spasms and has mild pain relieving properties. Additionally, chamomile is employed for digestive complains such as those experienced in irritable bowel syndrome.

Primary Active(s):
volatile oil, flavonoids

Contraindications:
None noted.

Chlorella - Chlorella Pyrenoidosa

This deep green coloured micro-algae is considered to be amongst the most concentrated and diverse nutrient sources available. Chlorella is high in vitamins, minerals, chlorophyll, carotenoids and enzymes. In addition to its nutritional value, chlorella is frequently used as a detoxifier, intestinal deodouriser and healer.

Primary Active(s):
chlorophyll, vitamins, minerals, carotenoids, enzymes

Contraindications:
None noted.

Cranberry Berry - Vaccinium Macrocarpum

Used to treat urinary tract infections, compounds in cranberry, such as D-mannose and hippuric acid, prevent the adherence of harmful bacteria to the walls of the urinary tract.

Primary Active(s):
organic acids, D-mannose

Contraindications:
None noted.

D

Dandilion - Taraxacum Officinale

This herb is commonly recommended to help with liver and gall bladder complaints and as a diuretic for fluid retention. Dandilion root stimulates bile activity, which is needed for breakdown of dietary fat, and for prevention of sluggish liver and gallstones. Dandilion is rich in potassium, which helps compensate for the depletion of this mineral due to its diuretic effect. Dandilion is also among the more nutritionally rich of medicinal herbs.

Primary Active(s):
taraxacin, vitamins, minerals

Contraindications:
None noted.

Devil's Claw - Harpagophytum Procumbens

This herb is frequently employed in the treatment of arthritis and gout due to its ability to reduce inflammation and aid in the removal of uric acid from the body. It is also reported to have analgesic properties.

Primary Active(s):
harpagoside

Contraindications:
Not recommended during pregnancy.

Dong Quai - Angelica Sinensis

This Chinese phytoestrogenic herb is commonly used as a female tonic in premenstrual tension, irregular menstruation and menopausal symptoms. Dong Quai is frequently reported to reduce symptoms such as irritability, nervous tension, aches and pains, fatigue, depression, cramps, period pain and irregular menstruation, when due to a hormone imbalance. Blood building and circulatory benefits are also attributed to this herb.

Primary Active(s):
ligustilides

Contraindications:
Although rare, with high doses, some women may experience abdominal bloating. A change in menstrual timing and/or menstrual flow may occur at first, especially with high doses. Not recommended during pregnancy unless prescribed by a qualified healthcare practitioner.

E

Echinacea - Echinacea Purpurea Angustifolia

Used as a potent immune stimulant, echinacea has been shown to increase white blood cell production and activity, interferon and antibody production and to reduce the ability of various harmful organisms to spread. As such, echinacea can be taken to help prevent or speed recovery from colds, influenza and general infections. This very popular herb also possesses anti-inflammatory and healing properties.

Primary Active(s):
echinacosides, polysaccharides

Contraindications:
Not recommended in those with an auto-immune disease.

Elderberry Berry - Sambuca Nigra

Elderberry juice has a long tradition as a refreshing drink that enhances resistance and health. Elderberry extract has been shown to reduce the duration and severity of influenza symptoms.

Primary Active(s):
polyphenols (e.g. phenolic acids, flavonoids)

Contraindications:
None noted.

Eyebright - Euphrasia Officinalis

Eyebright is probably the best known of all herbal eye tonics. The herb's benefit in treating eye irritations is thought to be associated with its astringent properties.

Primary Active(s):
phenolic acid, glycosides

Contraindications:
None noted.

F

Fennel - Foeniculum Vulgare

Fennel seed acts as a versatile digestive tonic, reducing intestinal spasms and cramping, as well as expelling gas from the digestive tract. Fennel also possesses anti-fungal, anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Primary Active(s):
essential oils

Contraindications:
None noted.

Fenugreek - Trigonella Foenum-Graecum

Fenugreek is commonly used by herbalists as an expectorant or catarrh and treatment of sore throats. Fenugreek may also help lower cholesterol and blood sugar.

volatile oil, saponins, flavonoids

Contraindications:
None noted.

Feverfew - Tanacetum Parthenium

Traditionally, as its name suggests this herb has been used to reduce fevers. One of the most common applications of feverfew is in reducing the severity and frequency of migrane headaches. The effects appear to be due to its ability to improve blood vessel function, correct platelet abnormalities and reduce inflammatory response. Feverfew is also used for swelling and pain from arthritis.

Primary Active(s):
parthenolides

Contraindications:
Not recommended during pregnancy. Rare cases of minor skin reactions and gastric irritation have been reported.

G

Garlic - Allium Sativum

Among the most popular of all medicinal plants, garlic is also among the most scientifically researched. Interestingly, garlic's many sulfur compounds that produce the notorious odour are also associated with garlic's primary health benefits. Its anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral and anti-parasitic properties have made garlic one of the most valuable remedies for colds, flu and other common infections. The clove's active constituents also benefit the cardio-vascular system, reducing excessive blood clotting, lowering cholesterol and helping to regulate blood pressure.

Primary Active(s):
allicin, ajoene, vinyl dithiins, diallyl disulfide, gamma-glutamylcysteines, thiosulfinates

Contraindications:
Not recommended in large quantities if taking the prescribed anticoagulant drug warfarin. Regularly eating large amounts of fresh garlic may be irritating to the digestive system of some people.

Ginger - Zingiber Officinale

Ginger is one of the world's most commonly used spices. It possesses warming proerties and acts as a cirulatory and digestive tonic and stimulant. Ginger has been found to reduce nausea and vomiting, making it especially popilar in pregnancy and motion sickness. As a digestive stimulant, it can also relieve indigestion. Ginger's anti-inflammatory properties make it suitable for arthritis sufferers as well.

Primary Active(s):
gingerols

Contraindications:
None noted.

Ginkgo - Ginkgo Biloba

Ginkgo has been shown to improve memory, alertness and general mental function. Such benefits have been primarily attributed to its ability to improve circulation and enhance energy metabolism in the brain. The general circulatory benefits mau improve blood flow to the extremities as well. Antioxidant and anti-allergic effects have also been attributed to ginkgo. Its proven benefits have led ginkgo to be one of the most heavily prescribed medicines in Europe, even amongst orthadox physicians.

Primary Active(s):
ginkgo flavone glycosides, terpene lactones

Contraindications:
None noted.

Ginseng (American) - Panax Quinqefolium

Like all forms of ginseng, this herb enhances the body's tolgerance to stress, and may help combat fatigue due to its ginsenoside content. Interestingly, although American ginseng is often used for fighting fatigue, it has also been shown to possess a calming, soothing and relaxing effect.

Primary Active(s):
ginsenosides

Contraindications:
None noted.

Ginseng (Korean) - Panax Ginseng

As an all round tonic, Korean ginseng has been used for centuries. It aids recovery from illness, acts as an adaptogen (improves tolerance to stress), strengthens the central nervous system, fights fatigue and boosts alertness. The Korean variety is thought to possess the most stimulating action of the ginseng family.

Primary Active(s):
ginsenosides

Contraindications:
Nont recommended in cases of hypertension or oestrogen dependant disorders.

Ginseng (Siberian) - Eleutherococcus Senticosus

Siberian ginseng, although technically not a member of the ginseng family, has very similar properties. It has been shown to possess significant adaptogenic properties, improving tolerance to physical, mental and environment stresses, while increasing endurance and combating fatigue.

Primary Active(s):
eleutherosides

Contraindications:
None noted.

Golden Seal Root - Hydrastis Canadensis

Golden seal kills a wide range of disease-causing organisms such as harmful bacteria, yeast/fungi and parasites. This herb also boosts the immune system, primarily by enhancing white blood cell activity and spleen function. Its natural anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties make golden seal especially useful in urinary tract infections (UTIs), respiratory infections and candidiasis (e.g. thrush).

Primary Active(s):
alkaloids (berberine, hydrastine, palmatine)

Contraindications:
Not recommended during pregnancy. Regular use of high doses may increase the requirement for B vitamins.

Gotu Kola - Centella Asiatica

Gotu kola improves blood flow through the veins and enhances tissue repair. The actions of gotu kola have been shown to improve varicose veins and lower leg circulation, and have led to significant benefits in the treatment of cellulite.

Primary Active(s):
triterpenes (asiatosides, asiatic acid)

Contraindications:
None noted.

Green Tea - Camellia Sinensis

The properties of green tea are associated with cellular protection, especially in the gastrointestinal tract, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, colon and lung. Green tea is a potent antioxidant and is often used as part of a weight control programme due to its thermogenic properties.

Primary Active(s):
catechins

Contraindications:
Unless de-caffeinated, use should be restricted in cases of high blood pressure, and taking at night may produce insomnia in some individuals.

H

Hawthorne Berry - Cratageus Oxyacantha

Hawthorne berries offer great promise in many cardiovascular complaints. Among the well-documented benefits of this herb are assisting with poor circulation, reducing high blood pressure and improving the strength and function of the heart. The naturally occuring flavonoids in hawthorne berries aid in the dilation of blood vessels and strengthen their integrity.

Primary Active(s):
vitexin

Contraindications:
None noted.

J

Juniper Berry - Juniperus Communis

The berries function as a diuretic and antiseptic, and as such are often used for fluid retention and urinary tract infections (e.g. cystitis). Another major use of juniper berry is as a mild remedy in rheumatism, due to an anti-imflammatory activity.

Primary Active(s):
volatile oils, tannins

Contraindications:
Not recommended during pregnancy.

K

Kava Kava - Piper Mesthysticum

This member of the pepper family has proven anti-anxiety and relaxant effects. It also relieves pain, which combined with its calming ability, may make kava kava useful in the prevention or relief of tension headaches and migrane.

Primary Active(s):
kavalactones

Contraindications:
Very high doses for long periods may cause skin rashes (although this is far in excess of typical therapeutic intake)

L

Licorice - Glycyrrhiza Glabra

Licorice (also spelled 'liquorice') is one of the most widely used herbs in Chinese medicine. Its significant anti-viral and anti-bacterial effects may be very useful in combating common infections such as colds and influenza. Licorice reduces inflammation and may lessen the severity of allergic reactions. It is also used as a hormone balancer in PMT and menopausal symptoms. Licorice can be applied topically as a paste to relieve herpes infections such as cold sores or shingles. In its deglycyrrhised form, licorice is a proven treatment for gastic ulcers.

Primary Active(s):
glycyrrhizin

Contraindications:
Unless deglycyrrhised, regular use of licorice is not recommended in those with high blood pressure without medical consent. Potassium intake should be increased if non-deglycyrrhised licorice is used daily.

M

Milk Thistle - Silybum Marianum

Milk thistle is a powerful liver protector and antioxidant. This herb's active component, silymarin, prevents liver destruction, and stimulates the replacement of damaged liver cells. It also increases the secretion and flow of bile, thereby helping to prevent sluggish liver and gallstone formation. Additionally, milk thistle has been shown to be effective in treating psoriasis, primarily due to its ability to reduce excessive skin cell proliferation.

Primary Active(s):
silymarin

Contraindications:
None noted.

Motherwort - Leonurus Cardiaca

Motherwort, which dates back to the ancient Greeks and Romans, has been traditionally used to address a variety of female reproductive health concerns, such as menstrual irregularity. This herb is also known to possess calming and blood pressure lowering effects.

Primary Active(s):
alkaloids, glycosides

Contraindications:
Not recommended during pregnancy.

N

Nettle Leaf - Urtica Dioica

Nettle has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, diuretic and anti-allergic effects. Due to these properties, it is a popular remedy for arthritis, fluid retention, gout and hayfever. Nettle is a rich source of trace elements and is particularly abundant in the mineral silicon, which makes it valuable in supporting healthy hair, skin and nail tissue.

Primary Active(s):
flavonoids, chlorophyll, vitamins, minerals, amines

Contraindications:
Occasional allergic reactions have been noted.

O

Olive Leaf - Oleo Europaea

The main active ingredient of olive leaf, oleuropein, has powerful anti-bacterial and anti-viral activity, supporting its popularity in fighting common infections. Olive leaf also acts as an antioxidant and may lower blood pressure and reduce fevers.

Primary Active(s):
oleuropein

Contraindications:
None noted.

Oregano Leaf - Origanum Vulgare

This common cooking ingredient is a very popular remedy for both dry and chesty coughs, mostly due to its potent antispasmodic and expectorant actions. Oregano is also employed in bronchitis and asthma. The oil extract has been shown to possess remarkable anti-fungal and anti-bacterial properties, making it valuable treating yeast/fungal and bacterial infections.

Primary Active(s):
thymol, carvacrol

Contraindications:
None noted.

P

Passion Flower - Passiflora Incarnata

Passion Flower contains active constituents which exert relaxing and mild sedative effects. It has been shown to induce calmness and reduce anxiety, as well as improving sleep quality and length, with no reports of grogginess.

Primary Active(s):
flavonoids (e.g. isovitexin)

Contraindications:
None noted.

Pau d'Arco - Tabebuia Heptaphylla

Anti-fungal, anti-bacterial and anti-viral properties have been attributed to pau d'arco. It can be taken internally and externally for treating infections, and is considered especially valuable in cases of candida albicans infections (e.g. thrush). Pau d'arco is also active against certain intestinal parasites.

Primary Active(s):
lapachol

Contraindications:
None noted.

Picrorhiza - Picrorizha Kurroa

This herb has been traditionally used in India for its protective and regenerative effects on the liver. Additionaly, picrorhiza is a powerful antioxidant and has been shown to decrease production of liver-damaging free radicals.

Primary Active(s):
kutkin

Contraindications:
None noted.

Pygeum - Pygeum Africanum

Pygeum is an evergreen tree native to Africa. Much of the research into its benefits has been focused on the treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). In numerous studies pygeum has demonstrated marked improvements in both prostate enlargement and prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate), with no apparent side effects.

Primary Active(s):
triterpenes, fatty acids, ferulic esters

Contraindications:
None noted.

R

Red Clover - Trifolium Pratense

Red Clover has been traditionally used for hundreds of years as an expectorant and antispasmodic for coughs. Today, in addition to the above use, much of the focus is on its possible cell protective properties and phytoestrogenic activity.

Primary Active(s):
biochanin A

Contraindications:
None noted.

Rhodiola - Rhodiola Rosea

A native of Russia and Asian territories, rhodiola has been extensively studied for its benefits in aiding heart function, enhancing endurance, and improving the tolerance to stress.

Primary Active(s):
solidrozid, polyphenols

Contraindications:
None noted.

S

St John's Wort - Hypericum Perforatum

The most common use of St John's Wort is in the treatment of depression. This action appears to be due to the herb's monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibiting activity, a function which has been shown to inhibit the breakdown of mood enhancing brain chemicals. St John's Wort has also been shown to possess anti-viral and anti-bacterial properties.

Primary Active(s):
hypericin

Contraindications:
Not recommended during pregnancy. Regular use may increase sensitivity to sunlight in some individuals. Should not be taken with tyramine-containing foods such as mature cheeses, preserved meats, yeast extract and wine.

Sarsaparilla - Smilax Ornata

Sarsaparilla has been used for a variety of indications such as skin complaints (especially psoriasis), as a blood cleanser/detoxifier and to treat rheumatism. Such benefits are mostly associated with the herb's anti-inflammatory and diuretic activity, and an apparent ability to bind to toxins.

Primary Active(s):
saponins, sterols

Contraindications:
None noted.

Saw Palmetto - Serenoa Repens

Saw palmetto berries have been used for hundreds of years as a general tonic for the male reproductive system. Current research showns that this herb is effective in treating enlarged prostate and reducing related symptoms such as frequent urination, difficulty in passing urine, urinary discomfort and impotence.

Primary Active(s):
fatty acids, sterols

Contraindications:
None noted.

Schizandra - Schizandra Chinensis

Schizandra has a long history of use as a liver protectant and tonic in Chinese herbal medicine. Its active constituents have been shown to prevent liver damage and stimulate repair and normal liver function. Schizandra is also known to stimulate the nervous system, increasing the speed of reflexes, nerve responses and improving mental clarity. Chinese practitioners have used schizandra in the treatment of depression, irritability, and forgetfulness.

Primary Active(s):
schizandrins

Contraindications:
Some reports suggest avoiding in those suffering with hypertension or epilepsy.

Scutellariae - Scutellaria Baicalensis

Due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties, scutellariae is often employed in the treatment of arthritis, as well as hayfever and other allergic reactions. The effective components of scutellariae are the flavonoids, which inhibit the release of histamine and the production of leukotrienes (inflammatory and pain-triggering chemicals).

Primary Active(s):
flavonoids

Contraindications:
Not recommended during pregnancy.

T

Turmeric - Curcuma Longa

In traditional herbal medicine turmeric has long been considered effective for treating arthritis and pain. Recent studies comparing the activies of turmeric's active curcuminoids with some steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs indicate similar action and results (e.g. reduced swelling and pain). However, the curcuminoids were not associated with the side effects or risks of the drugs. Turmeric also exhibits powerful antioxidant, liver protective and bile secreting effects.

Primary Active(s):
curcuminoids

Contraindications:
Excessive doses may cause gastrointestinal discomfort.

U

Uva Ursi - Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi

Also known as bearberry, uva ursi is commonly taken as an antiseptic and astringent for the urinary tract, such as in the case of cystitis and common urinary tract infections (UTIs). It has been found to effectively kill species of harmful bacteria most often associated with causing UTIs.

Primary Active(s):
arbutin

Contraindications:
Not recommended during pregnancy. Excessive doses may lead to nausea.

V

Valerian Root - Valeriana Officinalis

Valerian is effective as a nerve relaxant and sedative, and as such it is used for insomnia, irritability and tension. Fortunately, it has not been shown to have the side effects, habit-forming nature or grogginess upon waking often associated with tranquillising drugs. Valerian is also antispasmodic, and may be of value in the intestinal spasm that occur in irritable bowel syndrome.

Primary Active(s):
valerenic acid

Contraindications:
None noted.

Vegetal Silica - Equisetum Arvense

Also known as horsetail, this herb is a very rich source of the trace mineral silicon, making it valuable in strengthening of hair, skin, nails, bones and blood vessels. Vegetal silica is also well known for its diuretic effect.

Primary Active(s):
silicon, flavonoids

Contraindications:
Not recommended in cases of severe renal dysfunction unless advised by a qualified medical practitioner.

Y

Yucca - Yucca Schidigera

This desert plant appears to be of value in arthritis treatment. It is thought that the herb's benefit in joint disorders may stem from a reduction in bacterial toxins that would otherwise hinder cartilage repair.

Primary Active(s):
saponins

Contraindications:
None noted.